10 Fascinating Facts About Aphids

As the joke goes, aphids suck. And while this is both literally and figuratively true, in some respects, any entomologist will tell you that aphids are interesting and sophisticated insects. Aphids Poop Sugar Aphids feed by piercing the phloem tissue of the host plant and sucking up the sap. Unfortunately, sap is mostly sugar, so an aphid must consume a lot of sap to meet its nutritional requirement for protein.  Much of what the aphid consumes goes to waste. The excess sugar is eliminated in the form of a sugary droplet called honeydew. An aphid-infested plant quickly becomes coated in the sticky excretions. Sugar-Loving Ants Tend to Some Aphids Anyone who has battled sugar ants in their kitchen can tell you that ants have a sweet tooth. Ants are therefore very fond of bugs that can poop large quantities of sugar. Aphid-herding ants will care for their adopted aphids, carrying them from plant to plant and milking them for honeydew. In exchange for the sweet treats they get from the aphids in their care, they provide the aphids with protection from predators and parasites. Some ants even take the aphids home to their nest during the winter months, keeping them safe until spring. Aphids Have a Lot of Enemies Im not just talking about gardeners, either. Aphids are slow, theyre plump, and theyre sweet to eat (presumably). A single plant can host hundreds or even thousands of aphids, offering predators a real smorgasbord of snacks. Aphid eaters include lady beetles, lacewings, minute pirate bugs, hoverfly larvae, big-eyed bugs, damsel bugs, and certain stinging wasps, among others. Entomologists even have a term for the many insects that feed on aphids – aphidophagous. Aphids Have Tailpipes Most aphids have a pair of tubular structures on their hind ends, which entomologists describe as looking like tiny tailpipes. These structures, called cornicles or sometimes siphunculi, seem to serve a defensive purpose. When threatened, an aphid releases a waxy fluid from the cornicles. The sticky substance gums up the mouth of the predator in pursuit and is thought to trap parasitoids before they can infect the aphid. Aphids Sound an Alarm When Theyre in Trouble Like many insects, some aphids use alarm pheromones to broadcast a threat to other aphids in the area. The aphid under attack releases these chemical signals from its cornicles, sending nearby aphids running for cover. Unfortunately for the aphids, some lady beetles have learned the aphid language, too. The lady beetles follow the alarm pheromones to locate an easy meal. Aphids Fight Back Aphids may look defenseless, but they dont go down without a fight. Aphids are expert kickboxers and will pummel their pursuers with their hind feet. Some aphids bear spines that make them challenging to chew on, and others are merely thick-skinned. Aphids are also known to go on the offensive, stabbing the eggs of predatory insects to kill their enemies in vitro. If all else fails, aphids stop, drop, and roll off their host plant to escape predation. Some Aphids Employ Soldiers for Protection Although not common, certain gall-making aphids produce special soldier nymphs to protect the group. These female guards never molt into adulthood, and their sole purpose is to protect and serve. Aphid soldiers are fiercely committed to their job and will sacrifice themselves if needed. Soldier aphids often have burly legs with which they can detain or squeeze intruders. Aphids Lack Wings (Until They Need Them) Aphids are generally apterous (wingless), and unable to fly. As you might imagine, this can put them at a considerable disadvantage if environmental conditions deteriorate, since they arent very mobile. When the host plant becomes a little too crowded with hungry aphids, or if its sucked dry and theres a lack of sap, the aphids may need to disperse and find new host plants. Thats when wings come in handy. Aphids will periodically produce a generation of alates – winged adults capable of flight. Flying aphids dont set any aviation records, but they can ride a wind gust with some skill to relocate. Female Aphids Can Reproduce Without Mating Because aphids have so many predators, their survival depends on their numbers. A quick and easy way to boost the population is to dispense with the nonsense of mating. Female aphids are parthenogenetic, or capable of virgin births, no males required. Like Russian nesting dolls, a female aphid may carry developing young, which are themselves already carrying developing young. This significantly shortens the development cycle and increases population numbers rapidly. Aphids Give Birth to Live Young You might expect a bug that seems so primitive to lay eggs like more other insects do, but aphids are pretty sophisticated when it comes to reproduction. There isnt time to wait for eggs to develop and hatch. So aphids practice viviparity, giving birth to live young. The aphids eggs begin to develop as soon as ovulation occurs, without any fertilization. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallEncyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. CapineraAphid Ecology: An Optimization Approach, by Anthony Frederick George Dixon

Analysis Of Faust s Faust - 885 Words

In the Goethe’s Faust, Gretchen is a young and innocent girl and the title character’s love interest. Despite not being introduced until the middle point of the first part of this tragedy, Gretchen’s role has a great impact on the story and she becomes the reason for almost everything Faust does in the remainder of the play. â€Å"QUOTE† After first meeting her on the street, Faust quickly falls for the simple and innocent girl. However, Faust’s love is fleeting while Gretchen’s feelings for him are permanent and unselfish. Because of Faust’s actions Gretchen encounters many great misfortunes. Although she is not considered the main character in the play, Gretchen experiences more tragedy than Faust throughout the story. Faust is a German scholar who, despite being very accomplished, is dissatisfied and disillusioned. He meets Mephistopheles who draws him into a wager in order to win Faust’s soul. After a few misadventures he meets Gretchen, a pious maiden, falls for her, and then ruins her life. Gretchen’s tragedy begins on the street with Faust and ends with her death in the dungeon. Faust transgresses many times against Gretchen. He gives Gretchen the sleeping potion that kills her mother and that night he impregnates Gretchen. Her brother is enraged that Gretchen is now an unmarried mother and challenges Faust to a duel where he is killed. Faust emotionally destroys Gretchen with his absences and leads to her mental breakdown resulting in infanticide, imprisonment, and herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Goethe s Faust 1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthe catastrophic play, Goethe’s Faust, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a product of German literature and is said to be one of the greate st Western literature epic poems in history. This play comes from legends that have been spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century. 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Financial Management Case Study -Wesfarmers Limited Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management for Wesfarmers Limited. Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers limited is one of the biggest conglomerates of Australia. Its headquarters is situated in Perth, Western Australia. The company mainly deals in retail, chemicals, fertilizers, industrial, and safety products and also coal mining. In the year 2015 it became Australia largest revenue making company with the revenue of AU$62.7 billion. In this race it overtook its rival Woolworths limited and also the mining giant BHP Billiton. Also Wesfarmers if Australias largest private employer, employing about 205,000 people in its business. Wesfarmers was initially a co-operative concern, which used to provide supplies and services to the farmers in Western Australia (Wesfarmers Limited, 2015). In the year 1984 it got listed. It has a shareholders base of about 500,000. After it got listed, the company started acquiring other businesses, increasing its business and divisions. In our task below, we have summed up the qualitative and quantitative data of the company so that its performance can be analysed. Analysis of the financial statements Following is the five year data of the income statement of Wesfarmers: Summarised Income Statement 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Sales revenue 62,129 59,903 57,466 57,685 54,513 Other operating revenue 318 278 283 395 362 Operating revenue 62,447 60,181 57,749 58,080 54,875 Operating profit before depreciation and amortisation, finance costs and income tax 4,978 3,877 4,486 4,544 4,155 Depreciation and amortisation -1,219 -1,082 -1,033 -995 -923 EBIT 3,759 2,795 3,453 3,549 3,232 Finance costs -315 -346 -417 -505 -526 Income tax expense -1,004 -939 -908 -918 -784 Profit after tax from discontinued operations - 1,179 133 n/a n/a Operating profit after income tax attributable to members of Wesfarmers Limited 2,440 2,689 2,261 2,126 1,922 We see that the operating revenues of the company has increased every year for the last five years, this is due to operational efficiency of the company. Also the operating profits of the company have maintained a level of 3% to 5%, which is moderate in the industry in which the company operates. The company has shown financial efficiency by decline in finance costs of the company over the period of five years (Wesfarmers Limited, 2015). Overall performance of the company is good and it depicts growth prospects. Following is the five year data of the Balance Sheet of Wesfarmers: Financial Position Aa At 30 June 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total assets 40,402 39,727 43,155 42,312 40,814 Total liabilities 15621 13740 17133 16685 15485 Net assets 24,781 25,987 26,022 25,627 25,329 Net tangible asset backing per ordinary share $4.85 $6.14 $4.69 $4.45 $4.12 Net debt to equity 0.25 0.13 0.20 0.19 0.17 Total liabilities/total assets 0.39 0.35 0.40 0.39 0.38 The assets of the company have increased over the period of five years, except for the year 2014. This was due to a divestment policy of the company. Also the company classified its insurance division as a discontinued operation in 2013. Stock Price Movement Capital and Dividends 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Ordinary shares on issue (number) 000's as at 30 June 11,23,753 11,43,275 11,57,194 11,57,072 11,57,072 Paid up ordinary capital as at 30 June 21844 22708 23290 23286 23286 Fully-franked dividend per ordinary share declared (cents) 200 200 180 165 150 Capital management: capital return and fully franked dividend components 100 50 - - - We see that the company is regular in paying dividends. In the last five years the company has paid an average of 179 cents per share. The current market price that exists in the market is average of $40. Also the average earnings per share in the last five years have been 199.5 cents. This gives us average PE ratio of 20 times. Therefore, we see that the performance of the company is very good and the financial stability of the company is also proper (Northington, 2011). The investor can take help of the following ratios also in order to determine if he can or he cannot invest in the shares of this company. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is a tool of financial statement analysis which helps us to have a quick view of the financial performance of the company in various aspects. Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Current ratio is a liquidity ratio which helps to measure the companys ability to meet its obligations. The most acceptable current ratio depends from on industry, but mostly it lies within 1.5 to 3. But the current ratio should not fall below 1; this indicates low liquidity for the company (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Let us now calculate current ratio of Wesfarmers for the last five years. Current Ratio ($m) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Current Assets 9,093 9,311 10,586 10,911 10,218 Current Liabilities 9,726 8,229 9,572 10,747 8,722 Current Ratio (Current Assets / Current Liabilities) 0.93 1.13 1.11 1.02 1.17 From the above data we can see that the company has maintained its current ratio for last four years, but in the current year the ratio has fallen below 1. This indicates low liquidity and that in the current year the company has diverted its liquid assets. The company needs to turn its assets into more liquid form so that it can meet up with its working capital requirements (Albrecht et. al, 2011). The major fall in current asset is due decline in cash balance of the company from $ 2,067m to $711m from year 2014 to year 2015. We see that major decline in current assets is witnessed in the year 2014; it is due to disposal of WesCEFs interest in Air Liquidi WA Pty Ltd. Keeping this disposal by the company at bay, we can see that the financial position of the company has not much changed. The liquidity of the company is healthy. Profitability Ratio Net Profit Margin Ratio The Net Profit Margin Ratio is a type of profitability ratio. It is calculated by dividing the net income of the company by revenue earned so that they can determine the level of profits earned. The net profit margin depends on industry to industry (Brealey et. al, 2011). For example, technology companies run at an average net profit margin of 15% to 20% Net Profit Margin ($m) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income 2,440 1,510 2,261 2,126 1,922 Sales Revenue 62,447 60,181 59,832 58,080 54,874 Net Profit Margin [(Net Profit after tax / Sales Revenue) * 100] 3.91 2.51 3.78 3.66 3.50 For Wesfarmers Ltd we see that the operation of the company has increased every year for the last five years. Also the company has managed to maintain its profit margin of 3-4% every year. The company has also reported minor increases in net profit margins in the last five years. A similar company Walmart which is involved in retail business operates at a net profit margin of less than 5%. The companies which are able to expand their net profit margin witness share price growth which leads to high profitability levels. Return on Total Assets Ratio This is a type of profitability ratio. The return on total assets ratio helps to determine how effectively the company is using its assets to generate earnings. It is calculated by dividing the earnings before interest and tax by total assets of the company (Needles Powers, 2013). Greater is the result of this ratio, the company is said to more effectively use its assets. Return on Assets ($m) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income 2,440 1,510 2,261 2,126 1,922 Total Assets 40,402 39,727 43,155 42,312 40,814 Return on Assets [(Net Income / Total Assets)*100] 6.04 3.80 5.24 5.02 4.71 In the given case of Wesfarmers we see that except for the year 2014 the net income of the company has constantly increased in all four years. The decline in 2014 is due to divestment plan, which has already been discussed above. The company has also shown a considerable increase in assets over the period of five years. We see that the return on assets ratio of the company has increased with time. This shows that company has with time learnt to more effectively utilize its resources (Brealey et. al, 2011). Therefore we can say that performance of the company, resource utilisation wise has improved over the period of five years. Capital Structure ratio Debt Ratio Debt ratio is a type of financial ratio, which helps the investor to calculate what amount of assets of the company is financed by debt. Lower the ratio, better it is for the company. Higher the ratio, higher is the leverage, higher is financial risk (Davies Crawford, 2012). Debt ratio is calculated by dividing the liabilities of the company by the assets of the company. Debt Ratio ($m) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total liabilities 15,621 13,740 17,133 16,685 15,485 Total Assets 40,402 39,727 43,155 42,312 40,814 Debt Ratio 0.39 0.35 0.40 0.39 0.38 Wesfarmers maintain a rate of 35% to 40% for having its assets financed by outsiders. It is a moderate rate for the company. Since most of the assets, that is more than 50% of the assets are funded by own funds. This does not eliminate the financial risk of the company. A little variation in the ratio is acceptable taking into condition the other market conditions. The company just needs to maintain a steady cash flow so that it meets up with its debt obligations from time to time (Melville, 2013). The debt ratio helps the investor to determine the risk level; the risk level of Wesfarmers is relatively low as per the trend of five years. Interest coverage Ratio The interest coverage ratio of the company helps the investor to calculate the interest burden on the company in comparison to the earnings of the company. It shows how easily the company can pay its interest expenses. It is calculated by dividing earnings before interest and tax of the company by interest expense of the company for the year. It is also called times interest earned ratio (Parrino et. al, 2012). It helps the company to measure the margin of safety a company has to pay its finance cost for a given period. Interest Coverage Ratio ($m) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 EBIT 3,759 2,795 3,658 3,549 3,247 Interest Expenses 315 346 432 505 526 EBIT/ Interest Expense 11.93 8.08 8.47 7.03 6.17 We see that the interest coverage ratio of Wesfarmers has increased over the period of five years, which is good (Spiceland et. al, 2011). The earnings of the company have increased and the interest expense has decreased. This shows how the company is trying to reduce the financial risk and improve its operating efficiency. The performance of the interest coverage ratio of the company is improving every year. The investor can take this as a positive attribute of the company (Parrino et. al, 2012). Market Value Price-Earnings Ratio The price earnings ratio helps the investor to evaluate how much more is he ready to pay for the company as per the earnings of the company. The price earnings ratio of is calculated by dividing the price of the companys share by its earnings per share during the year (Williams, 2012). This ratio sometimes is also called price multiple or earnings multiple ratio. It can also be interpreted as, the amount which the investor is willing to pay for the share of the company to earn one dollar of the companys earnings. Price-Earnings Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Price 39.03 41.84 39.60 29.90 31.85 EPS 2.16 2.35 1.96 1.84 1.67 Price/EPS 18.06 17.83 20.21 16.23 19.11 We see that the price trend of the company is not stable. Whereas the earning are relatively more every year. The above evaluations inform that the investor is willing to pay an average of $18 to earn $1 of the companys earnings. The investor tends to invest in companies with a higher PE ratio than the companies with a low PE ratio. PE ratio is a great tool for comparing the financial position of two companies of same sector (Horngren, 2013). Stock Valuation as per Constant Growth Dividend Model As per the Constant Growth Dividend model the price of the stock can be calculated using the following formula: P0 D1 Re-G Where, P0 = Price of the share today D1 = Expected dividend Re= Current market rate G= Growth Rate The Dividend paid by the company in 2015 was $2 per share, also the current rate of return is 9% and the growth rate is 4%. Taking this information we calculate the price of share today with the help of formula mentioned above: P0 = 2*1.04 = 41.6 0.09-0.04 Therefore using the above formula we see that the price of share in todays market should be near about $41.6, whereas the latest share price which is in the market is about $40 per share. We see that the expected price of the share is almost equal to the actual price of the companys share (Choi Meek, 2011). This is because the markets can very easily read the expectations from a company and then they incorporate the same information in the price of the share. Recommendations The performance of the company is at par with the performance of the industry to which it belongs. It has managed to become one of the best conglomerates of Australia with its effort and efficient work. If the investor desires he can invest in the share of the company. The price of the share of the company stays stable and also the company has the pats of paying regular dividends. So we would recommend the investor to invest in Wesfarmers Ltd based on the financials of the company of last five years. The last five years indicates a strong trend and hence must be considered as a strong buy opportunity. Conclusion Taking the above analysis of the profit and loss statement and balance sheet of the company along with the help of various ratios, we see that the financial position of the company is very good and it matches with the performance of the company. Therefore, from the above report it is clear that the company has a good track record and has a strong scope of future movements. Overall, it is a good buy because it has strong fundamentals and ability to surge in the coming future. Therefore, the trend will remain intact and hence, should be considered a great opportunity to derive returns. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press Wesfarmers Limited 2015, Wesfarmers Limited Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 2 July 2016, https://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/company.do#!/WEShttps://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Leadership in Healthcare Practice for Mentor Nurse- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership in Healthcare Practice for Mentor Nurse. Answer: Introduction Strong leadership is very crucial in any kind of profession. Each nurse leaders make sure that each and every, members of the team offer the greatest level of care while also motivating workers to work together and put the needs of the patients ahead of individual issues (Bawafaa et al., 2015). However, nurse leadership mentor nurse, offering advice and guidance which they require to fulfil their particular duties with confidence. However, the culture of any health care facility has impact on how patient care is offered. The way workers are appraised can encourage or discourage them thus affecting their efficiency (Kirwan et al., 2015). The paper will address the impact of leadership on nurses and impact of culture on patient care. Criteria 4 impact of leadership on nurses Improved patients care The care of the patient is teamwork while depending on the collaboration of nurses, physicians, doctors and another specialist. The leadership unify these teams and make sure that every individual is on the same page concerning the patient care. However, strong leadership take a hands-on approach to the patient care (Bawafaa et al., 2015). For instance, they adhere to the instructions offered to the staff and monitor actively the patients progress. They enhance equality of the care provided to the sick individuals through holding employees accountable and coordinating everyone efforts. Conflict Management It is unavoidable in strong teams that breakdown in communication and conflict can arise. The strong leadership have the potential to prevent nurse conflicts from affecting the wellbeing of the patient or even implicating the ability of the team to work effectively. Strong leadership in any health care spot these kinds of conflict and take the necessary steps before they can cause any harm. Furthermore, they take immediate approaches to resolve the issue (Bawafaa et al., 2015). For instance, they can convene the staff meeting and encourage the nurses to openly speak about their issues so that they can be resolved accordingly. However, leaders can lead them in finding the best ways to improve their working relationships. Positive role model Strong leadership in any organization have the potential to inspire the nurses to achieve their desired goals. Leaders develop a standard of conduct for the nurses to follow through honouring ethical principles of their profession, putting the needs of the patient s first and treating their colleagues with much respect (Lievens and Vlerick, 2014). For instance, when the leaders make themselves as authoritative and respectful leaders, there is less likelihood that they will have to reprimand or instruct nurses and they will have to follow their leas naturally. Motivation Nurses can find their work as hectic and high stress which results in exhaustion. Strong leadership assist them to stay on track and try to remind them the commitment they have to the recoveries of the patients (Lievens and Vlerick, 2014) However, leaders offer advice and aid when the nurse is in a great dilemma. For instance, when they have the complicated care of the patient, leaders will be available to show them what they need to do. Leaders show confidence in themselves and nurses thus making them feel empowered and encouraging them to contribute their best efforts. Criteria 5 impact of culture on patients care Staffing Staffing levels have a great impact on the care of the patients. Low levels of staff in any healthcare facilities have a consequence on how patient care is provided (Laschinger, 2014). Inadequate staff means that patients needs are not achieved accordingly. Patients who need critical care will not be in a position to get care. This will lead to deterioration of their health and eventually, they can die. However, if the healthcare staff is adequate, patients needs will be catered and their health will get improved. Job Appraisal One of the key issues which affect the health care providers in healthcare facilities is how the nurses and other healthcare practitioners are appraised. Well paid health practitioners are motivated and are in the position to work hard and achieve the needs of the patients. These people will not be affected psychologically but they will be confident on what they are doing. However, the poorly paid staff is a headache to the health provision (Kirwan et al., 2015). The staff will be stressed and unable to attend work. There will be lots of strikes and work boycotts which will entirely hinder the health care provisions. Patients will not be attended and their health will worsen. Type of leadership The kind of leadership in healthcare facilities has impact on how health is provided. Leaders who promote unity and teamwork among the workers will achieve a lot in their work. Good work relationship creates a good working environment and encourages hard work. Nurses and doctors will be motivated and confidently work together to achieve the needs of the patients (Laschinger, 2014). However, good leadership encourages a better relationship between patients and health practitioners. This will encourage good healing environment for the patient. However, poor leadership in health care facilities will discourage better working relationships between workers and patients. The poor relationship will hinder how health care providers coordinate. Any idea which could have been shared will not be shared and will lead to individual decisions which can endanger the life of the patient. Organization of health care facility The way healthcare facilities have been arranged has got a significant impact on the care provided. For instance, decentralized department wastes lots of time moving from one end to the other (Laschinger, 2014). Patients who need a critical care will be affected since the nurse will not be around all the time. However, some patients are vulnerable to falls and the hospital setting should be set to meet their needs. For instance, if the bedrails are not provided for such patients, there is a possibility that they will fall out of their bed hence worsening their health. Conclusions The leadership have a great impact on the nurses. Good leadership assist the nurses to solve their issues. However, leaders enhance equality of the care provided to the sick individuals through holding employees accountable and coordinating everyone efforts. In addition, leaders offer advice and aid when the nurse is in a great dilemma. The culture of any healthcare setting has a great impact on health care. Adequate staff will ensure that patients are closely monitored and offered intensive care Reference list Bawafaa, E., Wong, C.A. and Laschinger, H., 2015. The influence of resonant leadership on the structural empowerment and job satisfaction of registered nurses.Journal of Research in Nursing,20(7), pp.610-622. Kirwan, M., Matthews, A. and Scott, P.A., 2013. The impact of the work environment of nurses on patient safety outcomes: a multi-level modelling approach.International journal of nursing studies,50(2), pp.253-263. Laschinger, H.K.S., 2014. Impact of workplace mistreatment on patient safety risk and nurse-assessed patient outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(5), pp.284-290. Lievens, I. and Vlerick, P., 2014. Transformational leadership and safety performance among nurses: The mediating role of knowledge?related job characteristics.Journal of advanced nursing,70(3), pp.651-661.